*How type are arranged in letters and symbols and are read.
Reading Process - only 3-4 letter are actually focused on when reading due to the fact that we read so fast (0.2-0.4 seconds.
Main Elements of Typography
- Letter - designs of the individual characters/glyphs and anatomy.
- Word - how these glyphs fit together.
- Line - combination & arrangement of words in a body or sequence.
Digitisation
Mainly use InDesign when typesetting digitally. The main panels for typography in InDesign are:
Kerning: Metric (more mathematical and more equal spaces better letter
Optical (what looks pleasing to the eye.
Leading: How letters/sentences are spaced out vertically
Tracking: How long or wide a letter is (general kerning of a whole body text.
Typesetting Principles
Hierarchy - Consideration of which information is the most to least important in a body of text. Usage of type size, style, weight, colour and emphasis is key to differentiate the hierarchy of type in a page.
Alignment - is the body text left-aligned, right aligned, justified or centred? Ragged edge (left aligned) is the most appropriate especially for books and novels as it makes it easier for readers to see where they left off.
Paragraph - used to create a consistent paragraph feel of the typography used. It's usually done digitally for greater control.
Indented text - First paragraph doesn't have indentation but the next paragraph has one instead.
Full Line Break - Another way of indenting and uses a full line break to separate paragraphs.
Leading -
Automatic Leading - Normal standard leading
-Leading - type and cramped (mainly used for style related to concept and context) -> swiss designs usually have this leading
+Leading - more airy, more appropriate for essays -> contemporary magazines e.g. The Gentlewoman, like a more spacey, easier to read style.
Paragraph - used to create a consistent paragraph feel of the typography used. It's usually done digitally for greater control.
Indented text - First paragraph doesn't have indentation but the next paragraph has one instead.
Full Line Break - Another way of indenting and uses a full line break to separate paragraphs.
Leading -
Automatic Leading - Normal standard leading
-Leading - type and cramped (mainly used for style related to concept and context) -> swiss designs usually have this leading
+Leading - more airy, more appropriate for essays -> contemporary magazines e.g. The Gentlewoman, like a more spacey, easier to read style.
Tracking - Horizontal Spacing
-40 Tracking- Cramp tracking making it quite hard to read the words
0 Tracking - Normal standard tracking
+40 Tracking - Opens up text, airy feel becomes less readable as well is overused.
Kerning - certain letters to look out for - angled letters e.g. A and v or T and y OR circular letters (computers don't know how it optically looks.
Dashes & Spaces
Grids - where type is set on in order to keep it organised and make the design process controlled and aesthetically pleasing.
*Josef Muller-Brockmann (Raster Systeme)
Rivers - gaps in typesetting that appear and run through a paragraph of text because of coincidental alignment of apace. They're mostly noticeable on justified text.
Baseline Grid - a technique used in modernist typesetting. It aligns the text on a vertical grid where the bottom of each letter is placed on the grid, regardless of its weight, style, spacing, type size etc.
-40 Tracking- Cramp tracking making it quite hard to read the words
0 Tracking - Normal standard tracking
+40 Tracking - Opens up text, airy feel becomes less readable as well is overused.
Kerning - certain letters to look out for - angled letters e.g. A and v or T and y OR circular letters (computers don't know how it optically looks.
Hidden Characters @£$%***
Invisible characters that help us understand how text is formatted. T show this on InDesign click option "Show Hidden Characters". This is useful for typesetting books and looking for double space and unintentional line breaks.
Line Length
Anything less than 6 word per line becomes too hard to read because it makes the reading faster (breaks the pace). Eight to twelve is the standard, anything longer or shorter is hard. Line length is mostly for legibility and how it can be read by the reader.
Widows and Orphans
Lines or words left hanging or separated from completed blocks of text. They can look quite awkward and out of place and needs to be avoided. Using tacking and line spacing will help remove widows or and orphans.
En dash - used to show range, distance or time depending on the context. (e.g. London - Tokyo)
Em dash - can be used in place of commas, parentheses, or colons (for emphasis or slight different effect).
*Spacing - (with thin space option) Grids - where type is set on in order to keep it organised and make the design process controlled and aesthetically pleasing.
*Josef Muller-Brockmann (Raster Systeme)
Rivers - gaps in typesetting that appear and run through a paragraph of text because of coincidental alignment of apace. They're mostly noticeable on justified text.
Baseline Grid - a technique used in modernist typesetting. It aligns the text on a vertical grid where the bottom of each letter is placed on the grid, regardless of its weight, style, spacing, type size etc.
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